🧪 What is Rectal Biopsy – Small (<1 cm)?

A rectal biopsy is a procedure where a small tissue sample (<1 cm) is taken from the rectal mucosa or submucosa for microscopic examination. It is used to diagnose various rectal and systemic diseases.

❓ Why is the Biopsy Done?

To:

• Diagnose Hirschsprung’s disease (absence of ganglion cells in congenital aganglionosis)
• Investigate inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)
• Identify infectious or granulomatous conditions affecting the rectum
• Detect neoplastic lesions or dysplasia
• Evaluate nerve or muscle disorders of the rectum

🔬 Histopathological Examination

• Assess for presence or absence of ganglion cells
• Look for inflammation, fibrosis, or granulomas
• Detect dysplastic or malignant changes
• Evaluate nerve hypertrophy or fibrosis

🧠 Associated Conditions

🔄 Related / Follow-Up Tests

• Anorectal manometry – functional assessment of rectal muscles
• Contrast enema – to evaluate colonic structure (in Hirschsprung’s)
• Colonoscopy with biopsy – for extensive mucosal assessment
• Immunohistochemistry – to identify specific cell types or malignancy
• Genetic testing – in congenital disorders

✅ Fasting Required?

📝 Summary Table